Flexure Test

Method for measuring behavior of materials subjected to simple beam loading. It is also called a transverse beam test with some materials. Specimen is supported on two knife edges as a simple beam and load is applied at its midpoint. Maximum fiber stress and maximum strain are calculated for increments of load. Results are plotted in a stress-strain diagram, and maximum fiber stress at failure is flexural strength. Flexural yield strength is reported for materials that do not crack. Standard test procedures are given in ASTM D-790 (plastics) and ASTM C-674 (fired whiteware). ASTM D-797 (elastomers), ASTM A-438 (cast iron) and ASTM D-86 (glass).

Why Perform a Flexure Test?

A flexure test produces tensile stress in the convex side of the specimen and compression stress in the concave side. This creates an area of shear stress along the midline. To ensure the primary failure comes from tensile or compression stress the shear stress must be minimized. This is done by controlling the span to depth ratio; the length of the outer span divided by the height (depth) of the specimen. For most materials S/d=16 is acceptable. Some materials require S/d=32 to 64 to keep the shear stress low enough.

Types of Flexure Tests

Flexure testing is often done on relatively flexible materials such as polymers, wood and composites. There are two test types; 3-point flex and 4-point flex. In a 3-point test the area of uniform stress is quite small and concentrated under the center loading point. In a 4-point test, the area of uniform stress exists between the inner span loading points (typically half the outer span length).

Typical Materials


Polymers

The 3-point flexure test is the most common for polymers. Specimen deflection is usually measured by the crosshead position. Test results include flexural strength and flexural modulus.


Wood and Composites

The 4-point flexure test is common for wood and composites. The 4-point test requires a deflectometer to accurately measure specimen deflection at the center of the support span. Test results include flexural strength and flexural modulus.


Brittle Materials

When a 3-point flexure test is done on a brittle material like ceramic or concrete it is often called modulus of rupture (MOR). This test provides flex strength data only, not stiffness (modulus). The 4-point test can also be used on brittle materials. Alignment of the support and loading anvils is critical with brittle materials. The test fixture for these materials usually has self-aligning anvils.

 
Related Content

3400 Series - Affordable Testing Solutions

Instron 3400 Series Universal Testing Systems for Tensile, Compression, Bend, and other material property tests.

Download

6800 Series Premier Testing Systems Brochure

Instron 6800 Series Universal Testing Systems provide unparalleled accuracy and reliability. Built on a patent-pending Operator Protect system architecture with an all-new Smart-Close Air Kit and Collision Mitigation features, the 6800 Series makes materials testing simpler, smarter, and safer than ever before.

Download

Bluehill Universal Brochure

Bluehill Universal Software is built from the ground-up for touch interaction and an intuitive user experience. Discover simpler and smarter testing with features such as pre-loaded test methods, QuickTest in seconds, enhanced data exporting: and Instron Connect – a new feature that provides a direct communication link to Service. Users of previous versions of software such as Bluehill 2 and Bluehill 3 can easily upgrade to the newest version of Bluehill.

Download