Ensayo de pelado de células fotovoltaicas (solares)

Electronics » General Purpose Applications » Ensayo de pelado de células fotovoltaicas (solares)

Ensayo de pelado de células fotovoltaicas (solares)

Con un enfoque mundial creciente en la energía verde, las empresas compiten por desarrollar células solares de mayor eficiencia y menor coste para diversas aplicaciones. Los fabricantes reconocen la necesidad de realizar ensayos mecánicos para evaluar el rendimiento de las películas delgadas y sustratos utilizados en la fabricación de células fotovoltaicas (FV), también conocidas como células solares.

La Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional (IEC), una organización de normalización internacional líder, publica la serie IEC 61215, Módulos fotovoltaicos (FV) terrestres – Cualificación del diseño y aprobación de tipo, que se aplica tanto a módulos de silicio cristalino como de película delgada. La serie incluye ensayos mecánicos de módulos FV que simulan condiciones externas, como resistir cargas de viento equivalentes a 130 km/h.

Ensayo de pelado de capas de película delgada

Se recomienda un ensayo de adhesión por pelado a 90 grados en las diversas capas de película delgada, también conocidas como capas, para abordar estos desafíos. El ensayo confirma la calidad de la adhesión entre capas, y la resistencia al pelado resultante proporciona una estimación de la adhesión necesaria para una interconexión eléctrica fiable y duradera entre capas.

Los sistemas universales de ensayo Serie 6800 y Serie 3400 de Instron son ideales para aplicaciones de ensayo de pelado a 90 grados. El software Bluehill® Universal puede utilizarse para configurar métodos de ensayo y analizar resultados tras el ensayo.

El accesorio de pelado a 90 grados está diseñado para minimizar la fricción, de modo que las mediciones de fuerza reflejen la película y el adhesivo sometidos a ensayo. Instron también ofrece un accesorio de pelado de ángulo variable para ensayar módulos FV en ángulos distintos de 90 grados, como ensayos de pelado a 45 o 30 grados.

Hable con un experto de Instron

¿No está seguro de qué sistema o accesorio de pelado se adapta a sus necesidades de ensayo fotovoltaico? Cuéntenos sobre su aplicación y le ayudaremos a encontrar la solución adecuada, sin conjeturas.

Recursos

The Challenges of Determining r & n Value

Metals » The Challenges of Determining r & n Value

The Challenges of Determining r & n Value

Extensometer Attachment

The results will vary depending on the location of the extensometer on the specimen. Shown in the image is a specimen with 4 different transverse gauge lengths using Digital Image Correlation Software. The effects of the extensometer attachment gives different transverse strain values. This would cause a difference in the r-value calculation. Manual placement of the extensometer will influence the transverse strain measurement.

Sheet metal specimens can be affected by thermal transfer during manual handling or from the extensometer. Using gloves during specimen installation eliminates thermal transfer effects, improving repeatability. Materials used for any contacting extensometer must be optimized to ensure thermal transfer from the knife edges does not affect the results. Alternatively, using non-contacting extensometers eliminates this effect.

Sheet metal product development is currently driven by the demand for increasing strength with minimal impact to the formability. Where there has traditionally been a trade-off between strength and formability, sheet metal producers are now offering ever higher grades where the reduction in formability is minimal despite considerable strength gains. The automotive industry is the greatest driver for increasing strength, meaning thinner/lighter material can be used in the production of cars, reducing the overall emissions per mile/kilometer. The plastic strain ratio (r-value) and the strain hardening exponent (n-value) are critical mechanical properties that define the formability of these materials.

Challenge: Strain Measurement

What is r-value? - Plastic Strain Ratio

What is n-value? - Strain Hardening Exponent

During a tensile test, these formability properties can be calculated automatically in real time using Bluehill^® Universal materials testing software.

To determine n-value, axial strain needs to be measured after yield. The accuracy of the device needs to, at least, be suitable for higher elongations as primary metals tensile standards will have lower accuracy requirements for calculations determined at higher strains. Some traditional contacting extensometers are designed to be removed during the test and may be limited on total travel. The latest technology, such as the AVE3 Advanced Video Extensometer or the AutoX Biaxial automatic contacting extensometer, can measure strain throughout the test and ensure the highest accuracy of results.

A sheet metal manufacturer often applies a plastic strain ratio (r-value) threshold as a key product acceptance criterion. If the r-value is low, the sheet metal is rejected, therefore the accuracy of the strain measurement data is critical. For determining r-value, transverse strain needs to be measured in conjunction with the axial strain. Traditionally, this required using two compatible clip-on extensometers where the operator must ensure firm attachment and proper location.

Using an automatic extensometer for axial strain can improve throughput; utilizing them for both axial and transverse strain has an even greater improvement. Automatic contacting extensometers can be more than 30% faster per test compared to two clip-on extensometers. The repeatability will also improve as the extensometer is always attached to the specimen in the same location. In addition, the AverEdge32™ feature of the AVE 2 has shown substantial improvement in reducing transverse strain measurement variability by providing a real-time average of multiple transverse strain measurements.

Extensometer choices for r and n testing:

The graph below shows the beneficial effect of using advanced strain solutions. The fixed times between the various extensometers are the specimen measurement, specimen insertion & removal, and test time. Extensometer setup time is variable, and clip-on extensometers need to be removed during a test for high-strength steels with violent fractures.

Challenge: Repeatable Results

During a tensile test there are many factors that could affect the variability and repeatability of your test results. The most common causes of variability for determining r and n values are: (r-value is typically more sensitive to these variations than that of n-value)

Peel Testing of Screens

Electronics » Electronic Devices » Peel Testing of Screens

Peel Testing of Screens and Displays

The Challenge

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is the next generation technology in the area of flat-panel displays, offering key advantages over traditional LED displays, including better brightness, higher contrast ratio, lower power consumption, and thinner panels. As a result, OLED technology can now be found in many consumer electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, TVs, and wearable devices, which has made the research in mechanical testing for OLEDs extremely important.

One of the most important aspects of reliability to understand is the lifetime of OLED panels, as they are highly sensitive to moisture and oxygen. Light emissions can be quenched when the organic materials are exposed to water, wherein the highly reactive cathodes can be easily corroded, due to moisture and oxygen. Effective encapsulation is essential to prevent oxidation and block permeation of water vapor and oxygen. One solution is to apply a UV-cured epoxy as a perimeter seal. Another involves using multi-layered structures of glass or PET substrates and OLED with a thin film of adhesives to bond the various layers.

Our Solution

A peel test, which is a simple mechanical test method for measuring interfacial strength and for characterizing adhesion strength, is recommended to address the challenges of OLED display panels. The adhesive peel fixtures are available in a few options, including a 90 degree peel fixture and a variable angle peel fixture. For the OLED display panels, a 90 degree peel test is often applied to measure the peel force. Furthermore, miniature 90 degree and miniature variable angle peel fixtures can be used for peeling thinner films or tapes. Pneumatic side action grips are recommended to hold the sample before peel. In cases of thin films, micro-pneumatic grips or grips with rubber coated grip faces can be used.

The 6800 Series and 3400 Series systems are suitable to perform the peel tests. Bluehill^® Universal software is used to set up test parameters, such as peel length and peel speed to measure the force applied.

Fatigue Testing

Automotive » Chassis » Fatigue Testing

Fatigue Testing

Fatigue performance has always been important in automotive design, where the sources of cyclic loading and vibration are many and varied. Hence fatigue behavior is a long-established part of qualification for automotive steels, and remains essential for newer designs with aluminum and composites.

THE CHALLENGE

In today's automotive industry, cyclic loading represents a diverse range of evaluation needs, including low cycle fatigue of metals, high cycle fatigue of composites and joints, damping behavior of mountings and interior panels – all of which affect the NVH (noise vibration and harshness) and hence, passenger comfort.

THE CHALLENGE

Our Solution

For a multipurpose laboratory handling large specimens, Instron® servo-hydraulic systems provide excellent capabilities for medium to high-capacity dynamic testing. The load frames can be configured to meet a wide range of materials, component testing, and requirements; and can be fitted with interchangeable fixtures to perform specific tests.

The Instron 8800MT controller with WaveMatrix™ dynamic test software provides high fidelity of control, and synchronous data acquisition, with easily configured test sequences and live calculations to facilitate everything from “simple” fatigue, to vibration analysis, to multi-step conditional test sequences.

Additionally, application-specific software packages can be used seamlessly on the same system to provide more streamlined workflows for LCF, fracture toughness, or quasi-static testing.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Testing

Biomedical Testing » Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Testing

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Testing

Materials Testing Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment

The global demand for medical equipment has skyrocketed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with many companies refocusing their efforts to produce personal protective equipment (PPE). With this vast uptick in demand, medical device manufacturers have scrambled to increase their production capacities while non-medical manufacturing companies have transitioned their own production facilities to create items such as masks, gloves, and nasal swabs.

With increased manufacturing comes increased quality control testing, and Instron has received numerous inquiries from companies seeking to expand their testing capacity or reconfigure their existing equipment to test PPE. This guide was created to help familiarize manufacturers with key testing requirements and provide an overview of current FDA regulations. We hope that it will be a useful resource for anyone seeking to aid the fight against COVID-19.

Masks

Gloves

Nasal Swabs

Medical Masks

Medical masks come in two primary types: single-use surgical masks and N95 respirator masks. Surgical masks are intended to prevent viral spread by containing droplets produced by the wearer, while respirator masks are designed to protect the wearer from virus particles that have been aerosolized. Both of these masks are relatively easy to manufacture and test, and many textile manufacturers have shifted their operations to produce them in an attempt to meet the current demand. Many of these companies already own materials testing equipment and are able to make small modifications to their existing systems in order to perform the required FDA testing.

Fabric Test

Mask fabric is generally tested in accordance with general textile standards such as ASTM D5034. Because fabric samples are prone to jaw breaks, we recommend pneumatic grips with smooth jaw faces to minimize this risk. In order to capture peaks and troughs generated by individual fiber breaks, we recommend a test system with a high data capture rate, such as Instron's 68SC-5.

Elastic Test

It is important to test the strength of the connection between a mask's fabric and the elastic band that holds it into place. This test is performed by loading the band to a minimum of 10 N and visually evaluating it to ensure there has been no separation. With masks now being worn for longer periods of time than ever, it may also be valuable to perform a relaxation test to determine its durability.

Filter Test

Respirator masks must be tested to ensure the strength of connection between the mask fabric and the respirator valve. This test can be accomplished using a side-acting grip on the base of the system and a custom-made hook fixture attached to the load cell.

Medical Gloves

ASTM classifies medical gloves according to their material (latex, nitrile, natural rubber, PVC, or polychloroprene), while ISO classifies them based on their application (patient examination or surgical). Regardless of the testing standard, material, or clinical application, the equipment and general procedure for testing is consistent across all medical glove types. ASTM D6319, ISO 11193, and EN 455-2 are standards used by the biomedical industry to regulate the tensile properties of medical gloves. The key results for all glove testing standards are the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the material. Rather than testing the entire glove, a dogbone specimen is cut from the finished glove and testing in accordance to the relevant elastomeric standard (ASTM D412 or ISO 37).

Glove Test Setup
1)	Load Cell A 500N load cell is an appropriate capacity for all glove materials.
2)	Pneumatic Grips Air pressurized grips ensure consistent clamping forces Jaw faces are easily interchangeable to ensure the correct surface texture is used for the material. Elastomeric materials like rubber gloves typically require rubber coated faces due to how thin the specimen is. The rubber coating is able to prevent slippage of the material without damaging the specimen.
3)	Bluehill Software The biomedical method suite includes preconfigured methods for EN455-2
4)	Elastomeric Roller Grips Roller grips provide a cost effective gripping solution for thin elastomers The roller grip utilizes a proportional clamping pressure which increases as more force is applied to the specimen
5)	AVE 2.0 An optical non-contacting strain device can be used to ensure more accurate strain measurement
6)	Specimen Preparation All the major ASTM/ISO/EN standards require a dumbbell shaped specimen to be stamped from the palm of the glove EN 455-2 takes into consideration the potential discrepancies in thickness between the palm and the fingertips. The standard compares their thickness and uses a correction factor for the tensile strength of the speicmen.

Nasal Swabs

Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are crucial tools in the diagnosis of influenza and respiratory diseases. Despite their similar appearance, these swabs are considerably more specialized than the standard cotton swabs used for personal hygiene, using synthetic fibers for the swab staff and tiny bristles for the swab tip. In an effort to bolster the global supply, significant collaborations have occurred between 3D printer manufacturers and medical research teams, which have resulted in a massive increase in production capacity of test quality NP swabs. It is critical to perform mechanical testing to determine if the performance of the 3D printed swabs is comparable to the performance of those produced by standard methods.

3 Point Bend Test

Nasal Swabs are subjected to flexural forces as they travel through the nasal passage. 3 point bend tests help characterize these stresses. It is also important to evaluate the weak point at the tip of the swab which helps achieve the correct size for transport. Instron's standard 2810-400 3-point bend fixture with 10 mm diameter anvils is ideal for these applications.

Cantilever Bend

The cantilever bend test best represents the stresses seen when the swab is held during the procedure. The material needs to be flexible enough to ensure it will not fail during the test. This setup is accomplished using a component test plate and an advanced screw action grip to hold the specimen in place. Any probe can be used to deflect the tip of the swab.

Tip Shear Strength

The tip of an NP swab is made of tiny bristles that allow for maximum sample collection. These bristles need to withstand shear forces as they move across the walls of the nasal passage. In order to test this property, the tip and base of the swab are clamped with advanced screw action grips to evaluate the maximum force required to break the bristles or the tip itself.

FDA Requirements in the Age of COVID-19

The Food and Drug Administration is the main regulatory body overseeing the production and distribution of PPE in the United States. The level of FDA involvement depends on the class of the device, which can range from class 1 to class 3 based on the device’s potential risk of nonconformance. Most types of PPE are labeled as class 1 devices, which have the fewest barriers to approval.

Because it can take months or even years to gain FDA approval, in times of health crisis the FDA issues something called an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). An EUA essentially loosens the requirements for production and distribution of certain medical products to allow production to ramp up quickly. EUAs are currently being granted to manufacturers of COVID test kits, virus therapies, ventilators, respirators, and PPE. These emergency authorizations are generally granted to specific companies who apply to expedite the approval process, but they are also being released as blanket statements covering certain types of PPE so that smaller companies can also participate with minimal red tape. The EUAs include additional documentation that outline the enforcement policy for PPE manufacturing during the current public health emergency and provides criteria for quality control standards as well as the required labeling of products released under the authorization.

Watch Our PPE Testing Webinar

Los desafíos del control de deformación en bucle cerrado.

Metals
»
Los desafíos del control de deformación en bucle cerrado.

Los desafíos del control de deformación en bucle cerrado

Utilice los siguientes enlaces para ir directamente a la sección que le interese:

¿Por qué el control de deformación? | Requisitos para lograr el control de deformación en bucle cerrado | Ventajas del control de deformación en bucle cerrado

¿Por qué el control de deformación?

Algunas de las propiedades mecánicas de los metales se ven afectadas por la velocidad del ensayo y, por lo tanto, son «sensibles a la velocidad de deformación». En 2009, una de las principales normas de ensayo de metales, la ASTM E8, se actualizó para incluir un método basado en el control de la velocidad de deformación en la probeta. Antes de este cambio, los ensayos solo podían realizarse en control de tensión o en control de velocidad del travesaño, donde la rigidez global de la máquina puede afectar a la velocidad en la probeta y provocar diferencias en los resultados. Al ensayar materiales sensibles a la deformación con el control de velocidad del travesaño, las velocidades de ensayo permitidas pueden causar una diferencia de más del 10 % en los resultados del límite elástico convencional entre el ensayo a la velocidad más lenta y a la más rápida permitidas en ASTM E8/E8M e ISO 6892-1.

Sin embargo, la ejecución de un ensayo en control de deformación permite que la velocidad del ensayo cambie durante el proceso para compensar la flexibilidad de la máquina y mantener una velocidad de deformación constante en la probeta. Este método aumenta el rendimiento al reducir el tiempo total de ensayo. También puede ahorrar tiempo y evitar el desperdicio de probetas en el ajuste. A diferencia del método de control de tensión, el control de deformación en bucle cerrado no requiere múltiples ajustes de prueba y error en la velocidad del travesaño para garantizar que la velocidad de deformación cumpla con las normas de ensayo.

Suscríbase a las novedades de Instron

¡Manténgase al día sobre las tendencias de la industria, las normas de ensayo, las aplicaciones, los consejos y trucos, y mucho más!

Suscríbase ahora

Requisitos para lograr el control de deformación en bucle cerrado

Para que un sistema de ensayos logre el control de deformación en bucle cerrado, deben cumplirse ciertos requisitos. En todos los casos, es importante que la máquina de ensayos y el extensómetro estén aislados de cualquier vibración o choque repentino o repetitivo, ya que esto podría causar interferencias en sus ensayos.

Extensómetro

Un extensómetro es un dispositivo de alta precisión que se utiliza para medir la deformación de una probeta. Los extensómetros eliminan la flexibilidad del sistema del cálculo de la medición de la deformación, pero es importante que el extensómetro elegido sea adecuado para la longitud de recorrido de la probeta y tenga una relación adecuada entre la longitud paralela y la longitud de referencia.

Mordazas

Las mordazas deben sujetar firmemente la probeta durante el ensayo, preferiblemente con una alta rigidez y una flexibilidad mínima. El gráfico muestra cómo los diferentes tipos de dispositivos de sujeción pueden afectar a la rigidez del sistema y cómo una máquina en control de deformación tendría que compensarlo.

Gráfico de líneas que compara la velocidad de extensión del travesaño y la tensión de tracción en tipos de mordazas hidráulicas de caras móviles, cuerpo móvil y de acción lateral doble

Extensómetro de clip Instron acoplado a una probeta metálica plana para la medición de la deformación

Bastidor de carga

El marco de carga del sistema de ensayos necesita un sistema de accionamiento preciso y estable con una alta rigidez. A la derecha se muestra una curva de tensión-deformación en materiales nominalmente similares: uno ensayado en un marco de alta rigidez y el otro en un marco de baja rigidez. Utilizando un cálculo de método de deformación estimada, ambos ensayos se realizan a una velocidad de travesaño constante de 2,25 mm/min. Hubo una diferencia del 21 % en la «velocidad de la probeta» (expresada en mm/min), lo que provocó una diferencia del 5 % en el resultado de fluencia.

Este gráfico muestra la diferencia de velocidad de la probeta entre un sistema «rígido» y un sistema menos rígido. Al inicio del ensayo se observa que el movimiento del travesaño se transfiere a la deformación de la probeta muy rápidamente, mientras que en el sistema más débil tarda más tiempo. Esto se debe a la deflexión de la máquina/célula de carga/mordazas, que hace que ese movimiento no se transfiera a la probeta. Si ambas máquinas utilizaran el control de deformación, los resultados serían mucho más comparables, pero es probable que el control sea más difícil en el sistema más débil.

Gráfico que compara la velocidad de la probeta frente a la deformación para dos configuraciones de ensayo, mostrando una que alcanza aproximadamente 1,1 mm/min y la otra aproximadamente 0,9 mm/min

Gráfico de tensión-deformación que compara la rigidez de la máquina de ensayos en dos marcos de carga, mostrando curvas similares con la tensión medida hasta el 0,8 % de deformación

Software y controlador

Las máquinas capaces de controlar la velocidad de deformación requieren un controlador con gran capacidad de respuesta y un sistema de accionamiento preciso y estable para mantener las tolerancias exigidas por la norma de ensayo. Algunas máquinas se anuncian como capaces de lograr este método, pero requieren que el usuario ajuste manualmente la configuración de ganancia del controlador, lo que puede resultar difícil incluso para el operador del sistema con más experiencia.

Probeta

Lo ideal es una probeta proporcional y un extensómetro de longitud de referencia proporcional. En realidad, una probeta con una buena relación entre la longitud de referencia y la longitud paralela es muy adecuada para minimizar la deformación observada fuera de la longitud de referencia, lo que permite que el control sea más estable. Si sus probetas varían de fluencia discontinua a fluencia continua, es importante cambiar los métodos de control para cada tipo. Dado que la fluencia local puede producirse fuera de la longitud de referencia en materiales con fluencia discontinua, es imposible realizar el control a partir de la retroalimentación de la deformación y se debe utilizar el control de velocidad del travesaño durante el alargamiento en el punto de fluencia [YPE/Ae].

Ventajas del control de deformación en bucle cerrado

✓ Resultados más repetibles y comparables: los resultados de los ensayos son fiables de una máquina a otra
✓ Eficiencia mejorada: se minimiza el tiempo por ensayo y se reduce el tiempo de configuración
✓ No es necesario realizar ajustes con una probeta cuando se utiliza un sistema de ensayos con electrónica de controlador de la serie 6800

Controlador de mano del sistema de ensayos Instron montado en un marco de carga con la interfaz del software Bluehill® visible en el monitor al fondo

Hable con un experto de Instron

¿No está seguro de si su configuración actual logra un control de deformación en bucle cerrado real? Cuéntenos su aplicación y le ayudaremos a encontrar la solución adecuada, sin necesidad de recurrir a conjeturas.

Intervertebral Disc Testing

Biomedical Testing » Orthopedics » Intervertebral Disc Testing

Intervertebral Disc Testing

The Challenge

Intervertebral disc replacement is a surgical technique for the treatment of lower back pain related to degenerative disc disease. The advantage of this technique over traditional spinal fusion is that it preserves or restores motion in the spine, and has the potential to delay the onset of degeneration of healthy discs at adjacent levels in the spine. Disc prostheses are designed to be load bearing over the physiological range of disc motion, and to give years of pain-free and trouble-free operation in the body. Understanding the static and dynamic characteristics of a particular device allows manufacturers and designers to ensure their product is proven and accepted. ASTM F2346 provides a methodology for characterizing the static strength and dynamic fatigue behavior of disc prostheses. The rigorous testing regimes in this standard aim to scientifically validate any prosthesis design. With a typical test run lasting for 10 million cycles and requiring both axial and torsional loading, it is vital that a testing system copes with these performance demands and delivers the highest quality of results. In addition, the requirement to conduct these tests in a wet environment adds to the complexity of the system.

Our Solution

An 8874 axial-torsional system, with the addition of a temperature controller and re-circulator unit, allows device manufacturers and contract research laboratories to conduct both static and cyclic testing on a range of implant designs. The bath, in which saline flow and temperature are controlled, provides a stable environment. With the use of specialized test fixtures, the 8874 system's combined axial-torsional actuator allows for characterization to be conducted in axial compression, compression-shear, and compression-torsion test modes for both articulating discs of traditional metal-on-metal or metal-on-polyethylene design. It's also used for the next generation of prostheses, which feature an elastomeric component to give axial compliance under load that mimic the biomechanics of the natural disc.

Electric Vehicle Battery Testing » Battery Separator Puncture Testing

Battery Separator Puncture Testing

The Challenge

A critical part of Li-ion or other liquid electrolyte batteries, separators are films most commonly made of polymers and must be mechanically strong enough to withstand the winding operation during the battery’s assembly. The critical mechanical properties suppliers must control are tensile strength, elongation, and puncture resistance.

Our Solution

ASTM D882 outlines the tensile testing of thin plastic film, which is suitable for polymer separators. Instron offers a variety of testing solutions that comply with D882. The different tiers of product offerings provide superior accuracy and throughput for labs that require it and more affordable solutions for labs that do not. Please review Instron’s ASTM D882 Definitive Guide for additional details. Relating to puncture tests, ASTM F1306 outlines the puncture testing of flexible barrier films to characterize the material response when a 3.2 mm diameter probe is driven into a clamped specimen. Instron’s S1-14110 fixture is in compliance with the recommended fixture specifications described in F1306.

View Accessories Catalog

Headliner Peel Testing

Automotive » Interior » Headliner Peel Testing

Headliner Peel Testing

THE CHALLENGE

Some vehicle textiles have multiple layers or backings, and must be subjected to a peel test in order to determine if adhesion forces are appropriate.

Our Solution

Instron® pneumatic side action grips are able to grip delicate foam specimens in order to perform T-peel tests. With a variety of quick-release jaw faces, these grips allow users to easily test a range of materials with a single system. The air pressure is also adjustable, allowing operators to fine tune the gripping pressure if needed.

Bluehill® Universal software contains a suite of calculations for peel testing, including industry standard calculations, such as first peak, average peel force over a given length, and even allows for custom calculations.

View Accessories Catalog

Component Testing: Electronics Keypad

Electronics » Component Testing: Electronics Keypad

Component Testing: Electronics Keypad

Keypad Actuation Profiles

Increasing miniaturization of mobile phones means that the alpha numeric keypads used for number dialing and data entry are also becoming smaller. These keypads must be tested to ensure that they are easy enough to use. One measure of this performance is the activation force and profile of individual keys on the keypad. The force required to activate the key should be sufficiently low that the key is easy to press, considering that the phone may be operated by, for example, the elderly. However, the force should not be so low that accidental key presses are likely, for example when the phone is carried in a pocket or handbag.

Keypad Testing

A basic system for keypad testing comprises of a universal testing machine, equipped with a low capacity load cell, and a chuck fixture holding a steel prong. Additionally, a platen or t-slot table is used to support the phone or keypad module. During the test, the load profile, and sometimes the displacement characteristic of the key press, are monitored.

For more detailed information, the electrical contact can be wired into the test system, providing precise determination of the switch closure position and force. In order to provide accurate data, a system with a high data logging rate should be used, so that rapid changes in force which occur over very small distances at switch closure can be observed. In addition, the system used should have high position accuracy and control to avoid damage to delicate components.

View Accessories Catalog

6800 Series Premier Testing Systems Brochure

Instron 6800 Series Universal Testing Systems provide unparalleled accuracy and reliability. Built on a patent-pending Operator Protect system architecture with an all-new Smart-Close Air Kit and Collision Mitigation features, the 6800 Series makes materials testing simpler, smarter, and safer than ever before.

Productos
02/10/2020
4.15 MB

3400 Series Universal Testing Systems Brochure

Instron 3400 Series universal testing systems for tensile, compression, bend, and other material property tests.

Productos
06/27/2022
2.69 MB

Bluehill Universal Brochure

Bluehill Universal is Instron’s advanced materials testing software, designed for intuitive touch interaction and streamlined workflows. It offers pre-loaded test methods, QuickTest for rapid setup, enhanced data exporting, and Instron Connect for direct service communication. Users of Bluehill 2 and Bluehill 3 can easily upgrade to the latest version for improved performance and usability.

Productos
02/26/2017
3.76 MB

Tensile Testing Polymeric Membranes

Biomedical Testing » Biomaterials » Tensile Testing Polymeric Membranes

Tensile Testing Polymeric Membranes

Synthetic membranes are commonly used in the biomedical field. These polymeric membranes, designed to mimic the natural filtration systems in human bodies, are being researched and developed for use in drug delivery systems, medical devices, and artificial bio-organs.

For example, synthetic membranes are used in hemodialysis, which is a method of removing waste products from the body when the kidneys fail. Blood from the patient is passed through a semi-permeable membrane that is immersed in dialysis solution and waste products such as urea in the blood diffuse across the membrane into the dialysis solution.

Often these synthetic membranes are moist and slippery, and consquently, tensile testing can be challenging. Similar to testing soft tissues, the gripping surface must offer sufficient friction to firmly hold onto the membrane, but also be delicate enough to avoid specimen tearing.

Recently, we were asked to recommend a gripping solution for testing of wet polymeric membranes. In this test, the polymeric membranes were first soaked in water for up to 20 minutes to allow them to soften and swell. The wet specimens were then tested using the 5965 dual column electromechanical machine equipped with pneumatic side action grips and rubber coated jaw faces. Since these membranes are very delicate, the clamping pressure must be carefully controlled as excessive high pressure can cause the specimen to fail prematurely when the grip closes.

Because the specimens are wet, corrosion resistant grips or fixtures should be used. Our 3 Software^®Bluehill provides both the test control and results required.

View Accessories Catalog

Literature

Bluehill Universal Brochure

Productos
02/26/2017
3.76 MB

Evaluation of Radial Forces from Embolic Filters

Biomedical Testing » Implantable Devices » Evaluation of Radial Forces from Embolic Filters

Evaluation of Radial Forces from Embolic Filters

Radial Strength Testing of Stent Grafts and Vascular Devices

Embolic filters are used within a variety of interventional procedures to capture debris resulting from the deployment of a medical device, like a stent. The stent is used to open arterial paths that may be occluded by plaque. Upon placement of the stent, dislodged plaque (or embolic material) can potentially be responsible for heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, or death. Firm placement of the embolic filter is a critical requirement for successful procedures.

One of the most critical parameters for proper utilization of the filter is the radial forces it imparts on the arterial wall. In particular, the chronic radial force that the filter imparts over time helps to ensure that the device remains in place as intended. This fit ensures that all material is captured before heading further down the arterial pathways.

The RX575 system has the fidelity to measure the small radial expansion forces of the embolic filter. The unique segment design of the fixture results in small frictional forces, which ensures that your data will present clean results from the radial tests. The radial fixture mounts to electromechanical instruments, as well as into a fluid bath for accurate simulation of body temperatures. Additionally, the fixture provides the capability for tensile tests to evaluate resistance to tearing properties during deployment.

Bluehill® Software provides an interface to run tests, to evaluate the radial strength, and to generate standard reports that can be submitted for regulatory submissions.

View Accessories Catalog

Literature

3400 Series Universal Testing Systems Brochure

Instron 3400 Series universal testing systems for tensile, compression, bend, and other material property tests.

Productos
06/27/2022
2.69 MB

6800 Series Premier Testing Systems Brochure

Productos
02/10/2020
4.15 MB

Electronics » General Purpose Applications » Ensayo de pelado de células fotovoltaicas (solares)

Ensayo de pelado de células fotovoltaicas (solares)

Ensayo de pelado de capas de película delgada

Hable con un experto de Instron

Hable con un ingeniero de aplicaciones

Recursos

Metals » The Challenges of Determining r & n Value

The Challenges of Determining r & n Value

Challenge: Strain Measurement

Electronics » Electronic Devices » Peel Testing of Screens

Peel Testing of Screens and Displays

Automotive » Chassis » Fatigue Testing

Fatigue Testing

Biomedical Testing » Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Testing

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Testing

Materials Testing Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment

Medical Masks

Medical Gloves

Nasal Swabs

Watch Our PPE Testing Webinar

Metals » Los desafíos del control de deformación en bucle cerrado.

Los desafíos del control de deformación en bucle cerrado

¿Por qué el control de deformación?

Requisitos para lograr el control de deformación en bucle cerrado

Probeta

Ventajas del control de deformación en bucle cerrado

Hable con un experto de Instron

Hable con un ingeniero de aplicaciones

Biomedical Testing » Orthopedics » Intervertebral Disc Testing

Intervertebral Disc Testing

Electric Vehicle Battery Testing » Battery Separator Puncture Testing

Battery Separator Puncture Testing

Automotive » Interior » Headliner Peel Testing

Headliner Peel Testing

Electronics » Component Testing: Electronics Keypad

Component Testing: Electronics Keypad

Keypad Actuation Profiles

Keypad Testing

Biomedical Testing » Biomaterials » Tensile Testing Polymeric Membranes

Tensile Testing Polymeric Membranes

Biomedical Testing » Implantable Devices » Evaluation of Radial Forces from Embolic Filters

Evaluation of Radial Forces from Embolic Filters

Metals
»
Los desafíos del control de deformación en bucle cerrado.